Join the Club

If I were to ask you what Camille Pissarro, Dermot Morgan (Ted), Abraham, Christmas, William, Steve Martin, God, Time, and Marlon Brando have in common, would you be able to come up with the solution? I’ll give you a couple of seconds...



Young Peasant Girl Wearing a Hat, 1881.
Oil on canvas, 73.4 x 59.6 cm.
National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.

Father! They have all been referred to as “Father”. Many people (especially the British amongst us) will have heard of, and spent many an evening laughing at, Father Ted. Fathers Christmas and Time are personifications, both of whom appear in the Chronicles of Narnia interestingly enough. Father William is the hero of Lewis Carol’s satirical poem in Alice in Wonderland, and Father Abraham and God the Father are biblical references. Steve Martin and Marlon Brando have been “Fathers” in different ways: Father of the Bride, and the GodFATHER. “Father” is used as a mark of respect, as a title, and to indicate wisdom and age. Pissarro – nicknamed by his fellow Impressionists as Father Pissarro – falls into the “respect” and “wisdom” categories.

Considered to be the forebear of Impressionism, he began the process of opening up art’s eyes to the virtues of painting life as it was, rather than the idealised version. He would often paint a landscape in one sitting, outside at his easel, and capture life in the moment, rather than go back to his studio and romanticise the painting. Needless to say, this approach was looked upon with horror by many of his contemporaries. But then again, what new fad isn’t? Although Pissarro’s works were not held in high esteem by society until after his death, he found acceptance when he fell in with the Impressionists, artists such as Monet, Degas, Cassatt, and Renoir.



L’Hermitage, Pontoise, Snow Effect, 1874.
Oil on canvas, 54 x 64.8 cm.
The Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge.

Like any good club, a President was chosen – and this happened to be Pissarro (I’m sure that in the Impressionist-code, “Father Pissarro” actually stood for President Pissarro.) He did not even need a “Vote for Pedro Pissarro” badge. Personally, I think Pissarro well-deserved his honorary title. Whilst his paintings did not change life as we know it, they certainly helped capture it, and thereby kick-started the progression of change in artistic perspectives of the time and ever since. Father Christmas on the other hand? He needs to come up with some better Christmas card designs!

To discover more about Pissarro, his prints, and his paintings, the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. is hosting a temporary exhibition Pissarro on Paper, hosted by the gallery until the 31^st March 2013. Decide for yourselves whether his innovation and new techniques entitle him to be labelled as “Father Pissarro” or not. Otherwise, why not judge the complete picture with the help of Nathalia Brodskaya’s Mega-Square book, Impressionism?

Almuerzo sobre la hierba y ratones en la despensa

Con el afán de presentar sus colecciones al público de una forma diferente, el Nationalmuseum ha organizado una exposición sobre la Francia del siglo XIX y la vida moderna que surgió en ese convulso siglo, concretamente en el período comprendido entre la Revolución Francesa y el estallido de la primera guerra mundial.

Por algún motivo, lo primero que se me viene a la mente a la hora de hablar sobre este tema es la conocidísima fábula del ratón de campo y el ratón de ciudad. De forma resumida, con plena consciencia de que existen infinitas y sutiles variaciones, cuenta la historia de un ratón de ciudad que invita a un ratón de campo a participar de las exquisitas golosinas de su despensa urbanita, pero su festín es trágicamente interrumpido y el ratón de campo pone pies en polvorosa hacia su adorada campiña convencido de que ningún manjar es lo suficientemente delicado como para exponerse a los peligros de la ciudad.

¿Y qué relación puede guardar una fábula de la Antigüedad clásica con Francia y con la época de las guerras napoleónicas, la Declaración de los derechos del hombre y del ciudadano, los viajeros del grand tour, la industrialización, la primera proyección de los hermanos Lumière, la expansión del ferrocarril, los Salones, las Exposiciones Universales, las renovaciones artísticas y las revueltas de la recién constituida clase obrera? Pues bien, en primer lugar, en mi cabeza esos dos ratones son evidentemente franceses. No sé si será por el queso, pero Francia tiene algo (o mucho) de ratona; además, no puedo sino imaginarme al pobre ratón rural extasiado ante un despliegue de Comté, de compota de higos, de marrons glacés, de macarons, de milhojas, de magdalenas o de petisús salidos del horno del mismísimo Carême, cocinero de los reyes. En segundo lugar, el siglo XIX se caracterizó por las grandes migraciones del campo a la ciudad. Es el siglo en el que París se convierte en la ciudad por excelencia, donde la burguesía es la clase dominante, que pasea por las grandes avenidas y los bulevares, se entretiene en los grandes almacenes, va a la Ópera de Garnier o a los espectáculos de cancán, toma el metro o se reúne en los café-concerts más populares. (También fue una época marcada por epidemias devastadoras, como la del cólera, y los roedores se cuentan entre los transmisores de esta enfermedad, aunque esto le da un tinte algo macabro a la narración).

Los burgueses decimonónicos y las escenas cotidianas de su vida moderna nos resultan extremadamente familiares gracias al legado de los innovadores artistas que ejercieron de observadores e intérpretes de una era: los románticos, los realistas, los pintores paisajistas y los impresionistas. Gracias a ellos, la vida cotidiana se convirtió en el tema pictórico por excelencia y se desecharon los ideales academicistas por motivos más dramáticos que, en ocasiones, fueron objeto de burlas y suscitaron una verdadera conmoción. Un ejemplo es este Almuerzo sobre la hierba de Manet, que se exhibió por primera vez en el «Salon des Refusés» (Salón de los rechazados) autorizado por el emperador Napoleón III en 1863.

 


Edouard Manet, Almuerzo sobre la hierba, 1863.
Óleo sobre lienzo, 208 x 264,5 cm.
Musée d’Orsay, París.

 

Aunque Manet se inspiró en obras clásicas, los personajes son indudablemente modernos y los bruscos contrastes entre las luces y las sombras, así como la falta de perspectiva y de profundidad, suponen una ruptura con los convencionalismos técnicos. El artista trata simplemente de reflejar lo que su ojo ve, con sus limitaciones, y nos presenta una escena bucólica de belleza, tranquilidad y recreo. La bulliciosa modernidad del siglo XIX también supuso un resurgimiento del tema horaciano del Beatus Ille, la descansada vida alejada del mundanal ruido que alabó fray Luis de León. En definitiva, la misma cuestión vital que expone el ratón de campo, que estimó su grama y su abrojo «mucho más de allí adelante».

Hasta el 1 de enero del próximo año podrás explorar el siglo XIX tal como lo reflejaron los pintores, fotógrafos y escultores de la vida moderna. Y para abrir boca, deléitate con las «escandalosas» visiones de los artistas impresionistas que se recogen en esta obra de Nathalia Brodskaya.

 

Impressionist, and proud

Underdogs have taken note and reclaimed terms that were once hurtful or derisory: ‘queer’ has become a positive label for the LGBT community, ‘nerd’ and ‘geek’ are no longer insults but badges of honour (thanks in part to the Gleeks), ‘slut walk’ participants have tried to de-stigmatise the word, and the Tea Party movement’s ‘tea-baggers’…well, that’s a bad example. But this ‘current’ propensity for linguistic reappropriation is not such a modern phenomenon…

The Impressionists came to be known as such after a 10-year battle for recognition. In 19^th-century France, artistic esteem could only be attained by recognition by the Academy of Fine Arts and the displaying of their artwork in the Salons, or yearly exhibitions in Paris. This new art movement was too mind-blowing for those stuffy old codgers – Manet’s Luncheon on the Grass didn’t make the grade because of the daring inclusion of a stark-naked lady frolicking at a picnic. I can’t imagine what they would make of Prince Harry’s trip to Las Vegas…

 


Reconstruction of Prince Harry’s trip to Vegas…
Edouard Manet, Luncheon on the Grass, 1863.
Oil on canvas, 208 x 264.5 cm.
Musée d’Orsay, Paris.

 

A brief glimmer of hope came in 1863 when Napoleon III, shocked by the quality artwork that was being sidelined, opened an exhibition alongside the official Salon, an Exhibition for Rejects. This group of artists received more visitors than the official Salon, but most came along for a good chuckle at these deluded ‘artists’ and their strange paintings. Requests for another exhibition were denied, until in 1874 they decided to take matters into their own hands…

Thirty artists including Monet, Renoir, Pissarro, Sisley, Cézanne, Degas and Morisot participated in a private exhibition, which was still too zany for many. Louis Leroy wrote a sarcastic, satirical review, coining the term ‘Impressionists’ as a play on words of the title of Monet’s painting Impression, Sunrise. The term caught on, and what was meant to be a moniker of derision became a badge of honour for the group. And Leroy must have been laughing on the other side of his face when Impressionism spread beyond France, paving the way for Modern art, and even becoming the long-lasting legacy of 19^th-century French art.

So take a leaf out of the Impressionists’ book and wear those insults with pride. My suggestions for some topically beleaguered individuals include: Prince Harry – ‘The Naked Prince’, Todd Akin – ‘The Legitimator’, and I’m sure Julian Assange could put a positive spin on ‘coward’, ‘tool’ or ‘cyber terrorist’.

Sweden’s Nationalmuseum has an exhibit dedicated to 19^th-century France and the beginning of the Modern era, until 3 February 2013. If you would like to read more about the peppy Impressionists, try this impressive art book or compact gift version, written by Nathalia Brodskaya.