Johannes Vermeer: Painter or Rebel?

It has always been muttered that playing the guitar is the work of the devil or, more famously, that rock and roll is the devil’s music.

During the Dutch Golden Age, the former was avidly believed. Whilst there were numerous superstitions bandied around during the 17th century, this one is particularly interesting as there is a wealth of Dutch guitar music and paintings of guitar playing to come from this era.

The Guitar Player, c. 1672.
Oil on canvas, 53 x 46.3 cm.
The Iveagh Bequest (Kenwood).
Courtesy of English Heritage.

In a society where superstition could cost a person their life (witch trials in the Netherlands in the 17th century were a common occurrence, the largest of which was the Roermond witch trial leading to the deaths of 64 people), pursuing or documenting an activity which was linked to the devil was a dangerous thing indeed. While music may just be music, and the guitar just a guitar, might it be said that Johannes Vermeer, in his depiction of The Guitar Player, was actually a true rebel of the Dutch Golden Age? If superstition was still as rife in 1673 as 1613 (the year of the Roermond witch trial) then, yes. Portraying an act considered to be of the devil may have been the 17th-century equivalent of David Bowie’s controversial “The Next Day” music video!

However, 60 years is a long time. It is possible that Vermeer, in this painting, was merely completing a portrait, that he simply liked music, or even that he was poking fun at a superstition which no longer held a place in society. But isn’t it more fun thinking of the great Dutch Master Johannes Vermeer as an artistic rebel harbouring an agenda to shock society?

Whether you think of Vermeer as a classical Dutch painter or a slightly more risqué artist with a bone to pick with society, you can find all you need to know about Vermeer and music at London’s National Gallery. Currently hosting the exhibition Vermeer and Music: The Art of Love and Leisure, which will be running until September 8th, this is an unparalleled opportunity to get to grips with a multisensory display. To further pique your interest, check out Johannes Vermeer by Jp. A. Calosse.

- Fiona Torsch

The Hidden Beauty of Cubism

It was Ralph Waldo Emerson who said: “Love of beauty is taste. The creation of beauty is art.”

GEORGES BRAQUE

Still Life with Fruit Dish, Bottle and Mandolin, 1930.

Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen, Düsseldorf.

© 2013 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

Courtesy of The Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C.

 However, there are many forms and styles of accepted ‘art’ which do not conform to conventional definitions of beauty. Take Cubism as an example. Many art enthusiasts, whilst acknowledging that the likes of Pablo Picasso and George Braque are masters of their craft, are confounded by Cubism. Abstract art may have this effect in the general sense, but there is something about Cubism which perplexes and befuddles the viewer.

Lovers of art for the sake of loving beauty were suddenly forced to confront a form of art which possessed a mathematical, geometrical, and almost dispassionately considered beauty. Arguments may be made that dispassion is not beautiful, or pleasing to the eye, and many critics and artists alike rejected this movement when it was first brought to public attention in the early 20th century.

Analysis as a form of art may be too academic for the most vocal critics of Cubism, but the process of identifying the key characteristics of a subject, breaking them down, and fitting them back together in an abstract sense is not without purpose. In a Cubist painting, the viewer is given a series of perspectives combined in one image, and the significance of the subject grows in consequence. This can be considered beauty in and of itself.

If the purpose of art is to inspire, and the cause of art is expression, then surely Cubism strongly deserves its place amongst the elite of the art movements. Nobody can deny that this genre provokes strong reactions from its audience – it intrigues, puzzles, raises questions, and is ripe for analysis. There is certainly no question that Picasso and Braque inspired a host of artists who followed in their wake, not only in art, but in music, dance, and literature.

PAUL STRAND

Georges Braque, Varengeville-sur-Mer, France, 1957.

Philadelphia Museum of Art.

Courtesy of The Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C.

If you follow the Cubist path, you may find yourself at The Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C. There, the exhibition George Braque and the Cubist Still Life, 1928-1945 will be running until the 1 September. Be sure not to miss it! And why not advance your Cubist knowledge still further with Guillaume Apollinaire and Dorothea Elimert’s Cubism?

- Fiona Torsch

Art: I know It When I See It

Last year, Andres Serrano’s Piss Christ reignited the old “What is art?” discussion. Serrano shocked the art world in 1987 with a photograph of a crucifix submerged in a jar of his urine. He again sparked controversy in September 2012 when Piss Christ was featured at the Edward Tyler Nahem Gallery in New York. The photograph not only shocked the religious communities who were offended by the desecration of a holy symbol, Serrano’s work also forced even the most open-minded to ask, “Is this art?”

A quick Google search of the definition of art yields this: “The expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture.” I guess no one can argue that Serrano used his imagination to produce his work. But did he really apply creative skill? Admittedly, Piss Christ is creative, but skilled?

No. Absolutely not.

Maybe I am too quick to judge Serrano. And maybe he is ahead of his time, and we are (or at least I am) incapable of appreciating his talent. When Pablo Picasso first entered the art scene, many dismissed his work in the same fashion I dismiss Serrano.  Only after his death were people able to appreciate his creative genius.

Pablo Picasso, Seated Woman, 1941

Bayerische Staatsgemäldesammlungen, Sammlung Moderne Kunst in der Pinakothek der Moderne München
© Sucession Picasso / VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn 2013

 

Artists such as Degas and Monet, also, strayed away from the norm and subsequently endured a contemptuous reception.  In response, Degas, Monet, and other dismissed artists united to create a modern art. And today, we celebrate these artists for their innovativeness and herald their work as art.  

Edgar Degas, Woman ironing, c. 1869

Oil on canvas, 92.5 x 73.5 cm

© Bayerische Staatsgemäldesammlungen, Neue Pinakothek München

History continually shows us that we reject the new because we don’t understand it.  With time, the public grew to understand and appreciate the beauty found in the works of Picasso, Monet, and Degas among many others.

I’m probably reacting to Serrano the same way people from the 19^th century reacted to Degas.  Half a century from now, Serrano’s Piss Christ might be considered the iconic work from our generation. But for the sake art and all that is beautiful, I pray that Piss Christ does not become the new standard of art. I can handle Picasso’s strange shapes and colors - I might not understand him, but I can admire him.  But Serrano? I highly doubt I’ll ever be able to look at that photograph of the little crucifix in a jar without grimacing. I don’t own the official rubber stamp for art, but I know art when I see it, and Piss Christ is not art. 

You can visit the NeuePinakothek’s ongoing exhibition entitled Changing Perspectives: Degas – Picasso | Gauguin– Nolde | Monet – Macke which will run until 31 August.  If you can’t make Munich, you can also explore works by modern artists such as: Edgar Degas, Claude Monet, Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh.