Why the Soul of Surrealism is in India

Lee Krasner“Nude Study from Life”, 1938.
©2013 The Pollock-Krasner Foundation/ Artists Right Society (ARS), New York.
The Menil Collection, Houston, gift of William J. Hill, in honour of Christopher de Menil.
Courtesy of The Menil Collection, Houston.

If all the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players, then where do the Surrealists sit?
 According to my imagined global map of where art movements should be located, the Impressionists are based in the South of France, the Blaue Reiter in Germany, the Nabis in Stockholm, Cubism in Iceland, the Old Masters (da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo, etc.) in Italy, Aestheticism in Decorative Arts in Shanghai, Digital Art in Oslo, and Lyrical Abstraction in Tokyo.

Of course, this is entirely subjective, but I think that certain countries, or cities, really do go hand in hand with the style or ideals that various art movements represent.

 In my opinion, Surrealism would be well represented by some small artistic or spiritual commune in India. The theory of Surrealist Automatic Drawing alone represents this to near perfection. The idea is that the drawing comes from allowing your hand to move at random across the page, leaving the image free of logical or rational thought processes, and allowing chance to play a large part in the final result. Another part of the thinking behind this is that, without the logical part of your brain being used, the subconscious also affects the final result – thereby allowing a hidden part of the psyche to be revealed.

“The real functioning of thought”: André Breton (the founder of Surrealism) pinpointed the expression of this as the ultimate aim of Surrealism. So, yes, in my eyes, a spiritual commune in India is the perfect base location for all budding Surrealists. Namaste.

Left:

Ajanta Caves.
Maharashtra, before 2^nd century BCE.
India.

Right:

Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple).
Amritsar, Punjab, 1585-1604.
India.

If you are interested in Surrealism, but a journey to India seems a little far (or far-fetched), the Menil Collection, Houston, is the perfect alternative. Currently hosting the exhibition Late Surrealism, you have until August 25th to get to grips with your subconscious, and those of the artists represented. If you’d prefer to do so in the privacy of your own home, grab a copy of Nathalia Brodskaïa’s Surrealism!

- Fiona Torsch

Erase the line between Genius and Insanity!

Being labelled a genius puts one precariously close to being pigeonholed as insane. Where insanity is recognised as the repetition of the same action over and over, is genius not finally achieving some far-fetched goal, whether it is in science, maths, or art? History is littered with larger than life talents that we still learn about in our studies and discuss with our peers: Einstein, Michelangelo, Da Vinci, etc.

Sandro Botticelli, Study for The Adoration of the Child, c. 1495.
Pen shaded with brown, white heightening, and pink wash, 16.1 x 25.8 cm.
Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence.

Artists made sketches and drafts of the way the human body works, whether in physical labour or dancing, to better portray the human condition in their paintings. Michelangelo and Degas are not only famous for the Sistine Chapel and Impressionism respectively, but also for the way their images came to life – the strength and beauty of their depictions is only so because of their relentless repetition of drawing the same things over and over again – genius or insane?

La verdad del poliedro

Matisse pasó la mayor parte de su vida intentando buscar la verdad. Para él la verdad estaba escondida tras la simplificación de las líneas y la combinación de colores. Por este motivo se dedicaba a estudiar sus propias obras y repetirlas con el objetivo de mejorar su técnica en cada nuevo cuadro que completaba. No son pocos los que han realizado series y copias de sus cuadros, pero es significativo que Matisse buscara no sólo comparar la luz o sus efectos sobre un determinado objeto, sino superarse individualmente con cada obra, alcanzar el cuadro verdadero, la perfección total.

François Lemoyne, El Tiempo salvando a la Verdad de la Falsedad y la Envidia,
1737. Óleo sobre lienzo, 180.5 x 148 cm. Wallace Collection, Londres.

Musings... and Matisse

How does one gain immortality these days? No, this is actually a serious question! For the Ancient Egyptians, they took the important person’s corpse, removed the intestines and the other major decomposable parts (excepting the heart of course... every rookie embalmer knows that!), dried the body out with natron*, stuffed it with sawdust, wrapped it in linen, placed it in a couple of coffins, and then put it inside a large sarcophagus**. Easy. Then, they left the now-mummified body, erected a gigantic marking stone (obviously why the pyramids were built), and voila: today practically everybody and their grandmother knows the name of Tutankhamen.  Not bad for a 5,000 year-old mummy!

However, in today’s society many people like to achieve fame, notoriety, and assurance of impending immortality (or at least of an immortalised image) whilst they’re still alive. I know, weird, right?! Thus, we are faced with the likes of Paris Hilton and Kim Kardashian (congratulations on the baby news by the way).


Johannes Vermeer
Girl with a Pearl Earring, c. 1665.
Oil on canvas, 44.5 x 39 cm.
Mauritshuis, The Hague.

Then again, some people achieve fame, notoriety, and assurance of immortality quite involuntarily. How? You might legitimately be wondering. Well, by serving as a muse. For instance, where would Leonardo da Vinci be without the woman who sat for the Mona Lisa? The mysterious girl who was the inspiration for Vermeer’s Girl with a Pearl Earring –brought to further recognition with the 2003 film of the same name, portrayed as she was by Scarlett Johansson. The actress has also been a muse in her own right: to Woody Allen. What started out as collaboration for Match Point (2005), evolved into further collaborations for Scoop (2006), and the lauded Vicky Christina Barcelona (2008). Speaking of Woody Allen, he is the modern master of the muse. Who could forget Dianne Keaton in Annie Hall (1977), or Mia Farrow in Alice (1990)?

In recent art history, Andy Warhol’s great and troubled muse Edie Sedgwick appeared in many of his short films, whilst Kate Moss has become one of art and fashion’s greatest muses. Of greatest note perhaps are the works she inspired from Lucian Freud, Chuck Close, and Banksy.


Henri Matisse
The Italian Woman (L'Italienne)
1916.
Oil on canvas, 116.7 x 89.5 cm.
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York

Be that as it may, perhaps one of the most under-appreciated muses of art history is Matisse’s muse: Lorette. Before Lorette, Matisse was often to be found painting still life and landscapes. Lorette provided the inspiration for Matisse to develop a rich and flowing colour palette and sense of line. An increased intimacy with the subject can also be seen; over the period of 7-8 months of Lorette’s modelling for Matisse, we see her expressions change from wary to inviting.  With this professional Italian model, Matisse was ready to abandon abstractionism. After painting Lorette around fifty times during the months that she modelled for him, he took his habit of obsessive painting with him to his future collaborations with models.


Henri Matisse
Lorette in a green dress on black background

I believe that it truly can be said that without the influence of Lorette, Matisse might well not have evolved into the same famed and revered artist that we know today. And Lorette? We do not know what became of her, but she is certainly recognised today – and all because of the fact that she was Matisse’s muse.

*Fun fact: did you know natron is 17% baking soda? Kids: Do not try this at home!

** Disclaimer: This is not a step-by-step guide on how to mummify someone in case you were wondering.

To view more of Matisse’s muses, and to see how they influenced his painting, check out the Metropolitan Museum, New York. The exhibition Matisse: In Search of True Paintings is being held until March 17^th 2013. If New York is a little out of the budget, don’t fear! The books Flowers and Still Life by Victoria Charles chart several masters’ work on the subjects, including that of Matisse. Familiarise yourself with the abstract and the use of line, to fully understand and appreciate the brilliant early work of Matisse.

Where the Wild Things Are

It is at dusk that our imaginations and fears start to play tricks on our minds.  The sun-filled, logical part of the day is over. Twilight deepens.  Looming shadows, the scuttling of animals, and eerie, indiscernible shapes; the witching hour approaches.  This is the time, walking home from work on a cold winter’s night, when your brain conjures up all those things that go bump in the night.  You walk faster, trying to get ahead of the possible footsteps behind you, jump at the tree branch when it brushes your shoulder, and peer ahead into the gloom, trying desperately to make out what the troll-like shape is in front of you (it’s a wheelie bin).


Now, transfer those feelings of wintery evening walks back to a time when people still actually believed in the creatures of the night, to a time when such mythological creatures were symbols of doom, and to a time when they were used as warnings; to frighten and warn people away from religious and moral transgressions.  In the 15^th, 16^th, and 17^th centuries, witch-hunts were a prevalent issue.  Folk-stories about wolves and other predators waiting in the depths of forests were used to frighten small children into being good.  Tales such as these, which the Brothers Grimm were so good as to collect for us, were allegories for good and evil.  The unknown and the unexplained were evil, the known and explainable were good.

 


Leonardo da Vinci. Study for the Fight against the Dragon, c. 1480. Pen and ink, grey wash, 19 x 12.5 cm. Musée du Louvre, Paris.

Artists of these time periods were able to use these stories and their own imaginations to create works to frighten, intrigue, and instruct.  Leonardo da Vinci was one such artist.  Perhaps best-known for the Mona Lisa, the Virgin of the Rocks etc., it is also true that he composed many studies using mythological creatures.  In one such, his study of a knight killing a dragon is both fantastical and allegorical; the dragon being the symbol of evil, and the knight-in-shining-armour... well, being the knight-in-shining-armour.

 


Hieronymus Bosch. The Garden of Earthly Delights, c. 1500-1505. Oil on panel, 220 x 389 cm (triptych). Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid.

 

Artists such as Hieronymus Bosch understood the human fascination with the fantastic, and the mythical.  A fascination we retain today.  (Think Twilight, the Lord of the Rings, Harry Potter...)  This understanding of the human mindset led to Bosch’s work ‘The Garden of Earthly Delights’ to becoming one of the single most well-known pieces of art to come out of the 16^th century.  The creatures which sprung out of his imagination and onto the canvas in the central panel also serve as allegories.  The fictional creatures such as mermaids and mutated unicorns (no longer the pure white of the Garden of Eden panel, and no longer pure horse) serve to portray the indulgences and excesses of mankind, initially fun and exciting, but in the end , they lead to creations far out of the realms of my ‘bump in the night’ imagined creatures.  (See the third panel.)

So, it seems that every century has had a creepy, winter’s night walk feeling. But the best part about experiencing it in this century? For me, it’s getting into my warm, well-lit hallway, and laughing at myself for all the stories I’ve been making up in my head.  I’ll take the walk over a witch-hunt any day!

 

To experience the mythical and the monstrous, without having to endure the feeling that ghouls and ghosties are on your trail, check out the Beautiful Monsters exhibition at the Art Gallery of Alberta, Edmonton(Canada).  Being held until the 3^rd March 2013, banish your winter blues by taking a walk on the mythological wild side with artists such as Dürer, Callot, and Beham.  For a perhaps more local night in (and what could be more local than your own sitting room?) try cosying up to a copy of John Bascom’s Beauty of the Beast.